Many of them refused to cooperate with the military or recognize the validity of the Treaty of New Echota, which had been signed under the duress created by the Act. The Cherokee bitterly resisted the Indian Removal Act. " John Marshall has made his decision," Jackson exclaimed, "now let him enforce it!" When the Indian Removal Act that Jackson signed into law was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, President Jackson successfully defied the decision by refusing to order federal military forces to obey the law. Native Americans fought Jackson's initiative before the United States Supreme Court, in Cherokee Nation v. It is this last feature that is of particular relevance to the history of alternative education. The Treaty helped ensure that after the relocation, the federal government would have control over Cherokee land, Cherokee socio-economic systems, and Cherokee education. President Jackson utilized the federal Indian Removal Act of 1830 and the 1835 Treaty of New Echota to remove the Cherokee from Georgia and re-settle them in Oklahoma. Jackson’s paradigm consisted of 1) federal legislation purporting to justify “beneficent” federal intervention 2) federal political and operational coordination with a state government actively harassing the demographic minority 3) deployment of the federal armed forces 4) personal property seizures and other civil rights violations 5) forcible expulsion and migration of the demographic minority group 6) evasive responses to constitutional challenges brought by minority litigants before the United States Supreme Court and 7) a culminating “agreement” imposed upon the subjugated minority population, purporting to allow federal control over local land and a mandated system of tax-supported common schools designed to compulsorily “civilize” minority children. ![]() Loose or partial variations of the paradigm were also employed against Mennonites, Catholics, African-Americans, German speakers, Italian-Americans, and other distinctive demographic minorities, depending upon the strength and sophistication of the relevant minority group’s opposition. President Andrew Jackson developed the social-engineering paradigm used against Native Americans, Mormons, and Japanese-Americans. Jacksonian Paradigm: Treaty of New Echota
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